Summary of basic knowledge of ultrasound(part two)

Section 3 Ultrasound examination of the pancreas and its normal values
At present, there is no uniform standard for the ultrasound measurement of normal pancreas, and most authors use the thickness (anterior-posterior diameter) of the pancreas as the standard. specific method:
one. Pancreatic head measurement
1. Select a facet. Long-axis section of the pancreas, showing the head of the pancreas clearly;
2. Measurement site: measured in front of the inferior vena cava, measurement generally does not include the uncinate process
3. Normal reference value (adult): ≤2.5cm
two. Pancreatic body measurement
! ． Select the slice: long-axis slice of the pancreas to show the body of the pancreas clearly:
2. Measurement site: Measure in the vertical line in front of the abdominal aorta.
3. Normal reference value (adult): ≤2.0cm

three. Measurement of pancreatic tail
1. Select the section: long-axis section of the pancreas to clearly show the tail of the pancreas:
2 Measurement site: measure at the left edge of the abdominal aorta or the left edge of the spine;
3. Normal reference value (adult): ≤2.0cm
Section IV Renal ultrasonography measurement methods and normal values
one. Kidney length (upper and lower diameter) measurement
1. Measurement plane: Coronal or sagittal longest plane of the kidney.
2. Measurement position: Place the measurement cursors on the capsule at the top of the upper and lower poles of the kidney respectively.
3. Normal reference value (adult, cm): male: 10.6 ± 0.6; female: 10.4 ± 0.6.
two. Kidney width (left and right diameter) measurement
1. Measurement planes: hilar short-axis view, or renal coronal view
2. Measurement position: The measurement cursors are respectively placed near the hilum of the kidney and at the capsule on both sides of the widest part of the kidney.
3. Normal reference value (adult, cm): male: 5.6 ± 0.5; female: 5.4 ± 0.4.
three. Kidney thickness (anterior-posterior diameter) measurement
1. Measurement plane: short-axis section of renal hilum, or sagittal section of kidney.
2. Measurement position: Place the measurement cursors on the capsules on both sides of the thickest part of the kidney.
3. Normal reference value (adult, cm): male: 4.2 ± 0.4; female: 4.0 ± 0.5.
The size of the normal kidney varies considerably. Generally, male kidneys are larger than females, and the left kidney is larger than the right kidney. In the actual ultrasound diagnosis, the diagnostic result is not affected by the slight difference in the size of the kidney, and only when the kidney is too large or shrunk is it diagnostically meaningful. But the thickness of the renal parenchyma, especially the thickness of the renal cortex, has a greater significance.
Section 5 Measurement methods and normal values of bladder ultrasonography
Bladder Dimensions and Volume Measurements
1. Measuring sections and parts:
The largest longitudinal section of the bladder: measure the long diameter of the bladder (upper and lower diameter d1)
The largest cross-section of the bladder: measure the thickness of the bladder (anterior-posterior diameter d2)
Measure the bladder width (left and right diameter d3)
2. Calculate bladder capacity by volume formula:
V (ml) = 0.5 dl?d2?d3
3. Normal value: 350～500ml
Note: There are many formulas for calculating bladder capacity, each with its own advantages.
Section 6 Prostate Ultrasound Examination Measurement Methods and Normal Values
Ultrasound values of normal prostate may vary due to different examination methods, types of ultrasound machines, examination positions, and detection angles. The measurement method for transabdominal examination is described here.
one. Measuring sections and parts
1. Transverse abdominal section (oblique coronal section of the prostate)
Wide diameter measurement (left and right diameter): the maximum diameter from the left border to the right border.
Thickness diameter measurement (front and rear diameter): the maximum diameter from the leading edge boundary to the trailing edge boundary.
2. Longitudinal section of the abdomen: (sagittal section of the prostate gland)
Long diameter measurement (upper and lower diameter): the maximum diameter from the upper border to the lower border.
two. normal prostate measurements
For the simplified average value: the long diameter is 3cm, the wide diameter is 4cm, and the thick diameter is 2cm.
three. Prostate volume calculation (V):
Half value of the product of three paths. That is, V=l/2(L?D?W)